Color: The color palettes are limited and desaturated, dominated by black, red-brown (terracotta or rust tones), and beige or off-white. This restricted color palette creates a somber and gritty atmosphere, emphasizing the raw texture and dark themes of the illustrations. The color choices contribute to a sense of decay and industrial bleakness.
Lighting: Lighting is often implied or minimal, with a focus on strong contrasts in linework to define form rather than traditional shading. Where lighting is suggested, it tends to be harsh and directional, emphasizing the gritty textures and creating stark shadows.
Design Technique: The styles emphasize rough, textured linework, heavy outlines, limited color palettes, and subjects often featuring skulls, robots, monstrous figures, and dystopian or apocalyptic environments. Compositions are often stark and impactful, focusing on raw energy and dark themes. The styles convey a sense of dark fantasy, industrial decay, and a raw, underground artistic vision.